Guillain-Barre syndrome is a serious disorder that occurs when the body's defense (immune) system mistakenly attacks part of the nervous system. This leads to nerve inflammation that causes muscle weakness , which continues to get worse.
Guillain-Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disorder (the body's immune system attacks itself). Exactly what triggers Guillain-Barre syndrome is unknown. The syndrome may occur at any age, but is most common in people of both sexes between ages 30 and 50.
It often follows a minor infection, usually a lung infection or gastrointestinal infection. Usually, signs of the original infection have disappeared before the symptoms of Guillain-Barre begin.
Guillain-Barre syndrome causes inflammation that damages parts of nerves. This nerve damage causes tingling, muscle weakness , and paralysis . The inflammation usually affects the nerve's covering (myelin sheath). Such damage is called demyelination . Demyelination slows nerve signaling. Damage to other parts of the nerve can cause the nerve to stop working.
Guillain-Barre syndrome may occur along with viral infections such as:
Some people may get Guillain-Barre syndrome after a bacterial infection, certain vaccinations (such as rabies and swine flu), and surgery.
Symptoms:
Symptoms of Guillain-Barre get worse very quickly. It may take only a few hours to reach the most severe symptoms.
Muscle weakness or the loss of muscle function (paralysis) affects both sides of the body. If the muscle weakness starts in the legs and then spreads to the arms, it is called ascending paralysis.
Patients may notice tingling, foot or hand pain, and clumsiness. As the loss of muscle function gets worse, the patient may need breathing assistance.
Typical symptoms include:
Muscle weakness or loss of muscle function (paralysis)
In mild cases, there may be no weakness or paralysis
May begin in the arms and legs at the same time
May get worse over 24 to 72 hours
May occur in the nerves of the head only
May start in the arms and move downward
Weakness begins in the feet and legs and may move up to the arms and head
A history of increasing muscle weakness and paralysis may be a sign of Guillain-Barre syndrome, especially if there was a recent illness.
A medical exam may show muscle weakness and problems with involuntary (autonomic) body functions such as blood pressure and heart rate. The examination may also show that reflexes, such as the "knee jerk," are decreased or missing.
There may be signs of decreased breathing (caused by paralysis of the breathing muscles).
The following tests may be ordered:
Cerebrospinal fluid sample ("spinal tap") may have increased levels of protein without an increase in white blood cells.
EMG tests the electrical activity in muscles. It may shows that nerves do not react properly to stimulation.
Nerve conduction velocity test shows that electrical activity along the nerves is slowed or blocked.
Treatment:
There is no cure for Guillain-Barre syndrome. However, many treatments are available to help reduce symptoms, treat complications, and speed up recovery.
When symptoms are severe, the patient will need to go to the hospital for breathing help, treatment, and physical therapy.
A method called plasmapheresis is used to clean a person's blood of proteins called antibodies . Blood is taken from the body, usually from the arm, pumped into a machine that removes the antibodies, then sent back into the body.
High-dose immunoglobulin therapy (IVIg) is another procedure used to reduce the severity and length of Guillain-Barre symptoms.
Other treatments are directed at preventing complications.
Blood thinners may be used to prevent blood clots.
If the diaphragm is week, breathing support or even a breathing tube and ventilator may be needed.
Pain is treated aggressively with anti-inflammatory medicines and narcotics, if needed.
Proper body positioning or a feeding tube may be used to prevent choking during feeding if the muscles for swallowing are weak.
Support Groups:
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Foundation International - www.gbsfi.com
Expectations (prognosis):
Recovery can take weeks or years. Most people survive and recover completely. According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, about 30 percent of patients still have some weakness after 3 years. Mild weakness may persist for some people.
A patient's outcome is most likely to be very good when the symptoms go away within 3 weeks after they first started.
Sucking food or fluids into the lungs (aspiration )
Calling your health care provider:
Seek immediate medical help if you have any of the following symptoms:
Can't take a deep breath
Decreased feeling (sensation)
Difficulty breathing
Difficulty swallowing
Fainting
Loss of movement
Prevention:
References:
Hughes RA, Raphael JC, Swan AV, van Doorn PA. Intravenous immunoglobulin for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25;(1):CD002063. Review.
Hughes RA, Wijdicks EF, Barohn R, et al. Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain-Barre syndrome: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2003 Sep. 23;61(6):736-40.
Sharar E. Current therapeutic options in severe Guillain-Barre syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006 Jan-Feb;29(1):45-51.
Review Date: 6/4/2008 Reviewed By: Linda Vorvick, MD, Seattle Site Coordinator, Maternal & Child Health Lecturer, Pathophysiology, MEDEX Northwest Division of Physician Assistant Studies, University of Washington School of Medicine; Daniel B. Hoch, PhD, MD, Assistant Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
